What is a Box Build Assembly?

You've designed a brilliant product. Your circuit boards are specified, your enclosure is designed, your components are selected. Now you face a decision: assemble everything yourself, or have your electronics manufacturer deliver complete, tested products ready to ship to customers?

Box build assembly bridges the gap between populated circuit boards and finished products. It's the difference between receiving bare PCBs that need integration and receiving packaged devices ready for end users. For product designers and engineers, understanding box build capabilities shapes design decisions from the earliest concept stages.

This guide explains what box build actually involves, when it makes sense for your product, and how to design products that are efficient to manufacture at the system level.

What is Box Build Assembly?

Box build assembly (sometimes called system integration or electromechanical assembly) is the process of taking electronic components, circuit boards, mechanical parts, and packaging to create complete, functional products.

It goes far beyond PCB assembly. Where PCB assembly delivers populated circuit boards, box build delivers products.

What Box Build Typically Includes

Mechanical Integration: Installing PCBs into enclosures, chassis, or housings. This includes mounting boards with appropriate standoffs and fasteners, positioning boards to maintain proper clearances, securing boards against vibration and shock, and managing thermal considerations (airflow, heatsink mounting).

Cable Harness Assembly and Installation: Fabricating cable assemblies to specified lengths, installing connectors and terminations, routing cables through enclosures, securing cables with cable ties or routing channels, and ensuring proper strain relief at connection points.

System Interconnection: Connecting multiple PCBs within an assembly, installing power supplies and power distribution, connecting external interfaces (USB, Ethernet, power input), and installing switches, buttons, indicators, and displays.

Electromechanical Integration: Installing motors, actuators, or mechanical drives, mounting sensors and transducers, integrating cooling systems (fans, heatsinks), and fitting gaskets, seals, or environmental protection.

Final Assembly Operations: Installing bezels, covers, and access panels, applying labels, serial numbers, and regulatory markings, installing mounting brackets or DIN rail clips, and fitting protective elements (rubber feet, mounting ears).

System-Level Testing: Functional testing of the complete assembled product (not just bare boards), burn-in testing under operating conditions, environmental testing where specified, and calibration of system-level parameters.

Packaging and Documentation: Product packaging appropriate for shipping and storage, including user documentation or quick start guides, installation of software or firmware, and quality inspection documentation.

The result is a complete product shipped to you or directly to your customers, eliminating the need for further assembly operations.

‍

Box Build Complexity Levels

Not all box build projects are equal. Complexity varies enormously depending on product requirements.

Simple Box Build

Characteristics:

• Single PCB installation into enclosure
• Minimal cabling (power input, perhaps one or two external connections)
• Standard enclosure with straightforward mounting
• Basic functional testing

Examples:

• Industrial controllers in DIN rail enclosures
• Simple measurement instruments
• Single-board computer systems
• LED drivers in housings

Moderate Complexity Box Build

Characteristics:

• Multiple PCBs with interconnections
• Custom cable harnesses (5-15 connections)
• Display or user interface installation
• More complex testing requirements
• Some mechanical assembly beyond electronics

Examples:

• Laboratory equipment
• Industrial monitoring systems
• Telecommunications equipment
• Building automation controllers

Complex Box Build

Characteristics:

• Extensive mechanical and electronic integration
• Custom enclosures with complex internal structures
• Substantial cable harness assembly (20+ connections)
• Pneumatic, hydraulic, or mechanical drive systems
• Comprehensive functional and environmental testing
• Calibration and adjustment procedures

Examples:

• Medical diagnostic equipment
• Analytical instrumentation
• Automated test systems
• Industrial process control systems

Understanding your product's complexity helps set realistic expectations for assembly time and the level of documentation required.

When Box Build Makes Sense

For Product Development Companies

If you're developing products but aren't a manufacturing company, box build services allow you to focus on what you do best (innovation, customer relationships, sales) whilst outsourcing manufacturing complexity.

You avoid investment in:

• Manufacturing floor space and facilities
• Assembly equipment and tooling
• Production staff and supervision
• Inventory management systems
• Quality control infrastructure

Your engineers focus on next-generation products, not managing production lines.

For Low to Medium Volume Products

Box build economics work particularly well for products producing 50-5,000 units annually. At these volumes, internal assembly capacity often sits idle, equipment isn't fully utilised, and overhead costs per unit are high.

Contract electronics manufacturers spread equipment and overhead costs across multiple clients and products, making sophisticated capabilities accessible at modest volumes.

For Products Requiring Specialised Assembly

Some products require capabilities most companies don't have in-house:

• Environmental sealing and IP rating validation: Proper sealing requires specific techniques, testing equipment, and expertise. Achieving IP65 or IP67 ratings isn't straightforward.

• Conformal coating or potting: These processes require specialised equipment, controlled environments, and process expertise to achieve proper coverage without damaging components.
• Complex calibration procedures: Products requiring multi-point calibration or adjustment need test equipment, calibration standards, and trained technicians.
• Regulatory testing and compliance: EMC testing, safety testing, and regulatory compliance documentation require expensive equipment and expertise.

Rather than investing in these capabilities for occasional use, box build services provide access when needed.

For Time-to-Market Pressure

Developing internal assembly capability takes time. Hiring and training staff, establishing processes, acquiring equipment, and ramping production all consume months you might not have.

Box build manufacturers have existing infrastructure, trained staff, and established processes. You can move from approved design to production units in weeks rather than months.

For Products in Growth Phase

If your product is growing rapidly, box build services scale with you. Need 50 units this month and 200 next month? Your manufacturer adjusts capacity. You're not carrying fixed costs during slow periods or scrambling to expand during growth.

This flexibility is particularly valuable for products with uncertain demand trajectories or seasonal patterns.

Design Considerations for Box Build Products

Product designers can make box build assembly dramatically more or less expensive through design decisions. Design for assembly at the system level, not just at the PCB level.

Enclosure Selection and Design

Standard vs Custom Enclosures: Standard off-the-shelf enclosures are dramatically faster and more readily available than custom designs. Websites like Hammond, Rose, and Bud offer thousands of standard enclosure options. Unless your product has unique requirements, use standard enclosures.

Custom enclosures add lead time (12-20 weeks for first samples) and risk (you might need iterations to get it right).

Assembly-Friendly Enclosure Features: Choose enclosures with:

• Mounting bosses or pillars for PCBs (better than drilling and tapping)
• Cable entry points or knockouts positioned logically
• Adequate internal volume (cramped assemblies cost more to build)
• Easy access for assembly (can you reach all mounting points?)
• Removable panels for access to PCBs or connectors

Think about the assembly sequence. If the enclosure requires installing the PCB before the power supply, but the power supply blocks access to PCB mounting screws, you've created an assembly problem.

Thermal Considerations: Where does heat go? Many products fail thermally not because components can't handle the temperature but because enclosure design traps heat.

Consider:

• Ventilation paths for natural convection
• Fan mounting locations if forced cooling is needed
• Heatsink mounting to the enclosure for heat extraction
• Component placement away from heat-sensitive elements

Thermal design at the system level is easier during initial design than fixing with fans and heatsinks later.

PCB Mounting and Positioning

Standard Mounting Methods: Use standard PCB mounting approaches where possible:

• Standoffs (brass, nylon, or metal depending on application)
• DIN rail mounting clips for industrial environments
• Card guides or slots for slide-in installation

Avoid custom brackets or unusual mounting methods that require fabrication and add assembly time.

Clearances and Accessibility: Maintain clearances around PCBs:

• 5-10mm from enclosure walls (allows for assembly tolerances)
• Adequate space above tall components (don't require cramming the board in)
• Access to mounting points (can assembly staff reach screws?)
• Clearance for connectors (can cables actually plug in?)

PCB designs that look perfect in CAD become assembly nightmares when you discover connectors are 2mm from the enclosure wall and cables can't physically bend sharply enough to connect.

Connector Positioning: Position connectors thinking about cable routing:

• External connectors near enclosure edges or panels
• Internal connectors positioned to minimise cable lengths
• Orientation allowing natural cable routing (not forcing 180° bends)
• Height appropriate for cable entry (low-profile connectors when board is near enclosure base)

An hour spent optimising connector placement during PCB design saves hours during assembly multiplied by every unit produced.

Cable Harness Design

Minimise Custom Cabling Where possible, use:

• Standard pre-made cables available from suppliers
• Modular cables that can be configured in different lengths
• Connectors with IDC (insulation displacement) termination rather than soldering

Custom cable harnesses require additional assembly time that increases with product complexity.

Cable Labelling and Identification In assemblies with multiple cables, identification prevents errors:

• Label both ends of each cable
• Use different connector types where possible (impossible to plug in wrong)
• Colour coding or marking for polarity-sensitive connections
• Clear documentation showing which cable goes where

The first unit assembled might be fine with unlabelled cables. Unit 50 assembled by different staff might have cables swapped.

Strain Relief and Securing Design mounting points for:

• Cable ties or cable management clips
• Strain relief at connector locations
• Protection for cables crossing sharp edges
• Separation of signal and power cables where appropriate

Cables that flop around inside enclosures get damaged, create assembly headaches, and look unprofessional.

Testing and Accessibility

Test Points and Access Design test access into your product:

• Test points on PCBs for troubleshooting
• Access panels or removable covers for reaching test points
• Clear documentation of test procedures

Products that require complete disassembly to diagnose problems are expensive to test and service.

Built-In Test (BIT) Features Where appropriate, design self-test capabilities:

• LED indicators showing subsystem status
• Test modes activated by button combinations
• Diagnostic output via serial or USB connection

These features dramatically reduce test time and complexity during manufacturing and field service.

Calibration Access If your product requires calibration:

• Position adjustment points accessibly
• Label adjustment functions clearly
• Provide calibration procedures and required equipment
• Consider digital calibration (stored in memory) over physical adjustments

Calibration that requires removing boards or accessing buried components is time-consuming and error-prone.

Documentation for Box Build

Comprehensive documentation reduces assembly time and errors:

Assembly Drawings

• Exploded view showing all components and assembly sequence
• Detail views of complex assembly steps
• Torque specifications for fasteners
• Cable routing diagrams

Bill of Materials (BOM)

• Complete list of all components (PCBs, mechanical parts, cables, fasteners)
• Part numbers, quantities, and sources
• Indication of which items are supplied by you vs procured by manufacturer

Assembly Instructions

• Step-by-step procedure in logical sequence
• Special handling requirements (ESD sensitivity, fragile components)
• Quality checkpoints throughout assembly
• Tools and equipment required

Test Procedures

• Functional test steps with pass/fail criteria
• Required test equipment and connections
• Calibration procedures if applicable
• Documentation requirements (test reports, serial numbers)

Good documentation allows manufacturing staff to build your product correctly without requiring extensive hand-holding. Poor documentation leads to errors, delays, and quality issues.

‍

Common Box Build Challenges

Design-Manufacturing Disconnect

Designers sometimes create products that look great onscreen but are difficult to manufacture.

Common issues:

Inaccessible Fasteners: Screws that can't be reached with screwdrivers once other components are installed. Assembly sequence matters.

Impossible Cable Routing: Cable paths that look fine in CAD but physically don't work due to bend radius limitations or interference with other components.

Tolerance Stack-Up Problems: Multiple components with standard tolerances that accumulate such that parts don't fit together reliably. What works on prototype 1 might not work on production unit 50.

Over-Specification: Specifying unnecessarily tight tolerances, exotic materials, or complex procedures that add complexity without adding value. Use standard fasteners, standard enclosures, and standard processes where possible.

Testing Complexity

System-level testing is more complex than PCB testing:

Intermittent Issues: Problems that don't appear during quick functional tests but emerge during extended operation. Burn-in testing catches these but adds time.

Environmental Factors: Products that work perfectly at room temperature but fail at temperature extremes, high humidity, or under vibration. Environmental testing requires controlled chambers and time.

Software and Firmware: Loading software, configuring settings, and validating software functionality adds complexity. Provide clear procedures and automated tools where possible.

Component and Material Management

Box build involves many more parts than PCB assembly alone:

Enclosures and mechanical parts from different suppliers than electronics, custom labels and printing that must be managed separately, packaging materials appropriate for your product, and documentation that must be printed, folded, and included.

Coordinating all these elements requires logistics management. A contract manufacturer managing this entirely delivers simplicity. Split responsibilities (you supply some parts, they source others) adds coordination complexity.

Box Build at ABL Circuits

We provide complete box build assembly services for products ranging from simple single-board installations to complex multi-board systems requiring extensive mechanical integration.

Our Capabilities

Mechanical Assembly

• Installation of PCBs into enclosures and chassis
• Mounting of mechanical components and hardware
• Integration of displays, switches, and user interfaces
• Installation of cooling systems and thermal management

Cable Harness and Interconnection

• Custom cable assembly and fabrication
• Cable routing and management within assemblies
• Connector installation and termination
• Multi-board interconnection

System Testing

• Functional testing of complete assemblies
• Environmental testing (temperature, humidity, vibration)
• Burn-in testing under operating conditions
• Calibration and adjustment services

Finishing and Packaging

• Application of labels and serial numbers
• Protective coatings where required
• Custom packaging for shipping
• Documentation assembly and inclusion

Our Approach

We work with product designers from the earliest stages to ensure designs are assembly-friendly. Our engineering team provides design for assembly feedback, identifying potential manufacturing issues before they become expensive problems.

We maintain flexibility in sourcing. You can supply enclosures and mechanical components whilst we source electronics, or we can manage complete turnkey material procurement including all mechanical parts.

For prototypes and low-volume production, we provide assembly services without imposing minimum order quantities that force you to build more than you need.

As volumes grow, we scale capacity whilst maintaining the same processes and quality standards, eliminating the need to re-qualify a new manufacturer as your business expands.

Making Box Build Work for Your Product

During Design Phase

Involve your manufacturing partner early. Share initial designs for DFM feedback before finalising expensive enclosure tooling or committing to specific architectures.

We've saved clients substantial time and rework by identifying assembly issues during design phase rather than discovering them during first production batches.

During Prototyping

Build initial prototypes with attention to assembly process, not just functionality. Note assembly difficulties, time-consuming steps, and potential quality issues. Design changes are straightforward during prototyping, more complex after production begins.

We provide small-batch manufacturing for pilot runs that validate both design and assembly process before committing to volume production.

During Production

Maintain communication about design changes. Engineering changes that seem minor might have assembly implications. A component substitution might change assembly sequence or require different handling.

We implement formal change control ensuring design changes are evaluated for assembly impact before implementation.

When to Consider Box Build

Box build services make sense when:

• You're developing products but aren't a manufacturing company
• Your volumes are too low to justify internal assembly infrastructure
• Your product requires capabilities you don't have (sealing, coating, complex testing)
• You need to focus engineering resources on innovation rather than production
• You need flexibility to scale up or down with demand

Box build might not make sense when:

• You're producing very high volumes (5,000+ monthly) of stable, mature products
• Your product is extremely simple (single PCB with no integration)
• You already have production facilities and staff with available capacity
• Your assembly involves highly proprietary processes that represent competitive advantage

For most product development companies producing 50-2,000 units annually of products requiring more than bare PCB assembly, box build services deliver better outcomes and faster time to market than building internal capabilities.

Next Steps

If you're designing a product that will require system-level assembly, contact us to discuss your requirements. We can:

• Review your design for assembly considerations
• Provide feedback on enclosure selection and mechanical design
• Discuss assembly requirements at different volumes
• Recommend approaches for testing and quality control
• Discuss material sourcing strategies (turnkey vs consigned)

Early engagement produces better outcomes. Design decisions made during concept phase affect assembly efficiency throughout your product's life.

Request a quote or call us on 01462 894 312 to discuss your box build requirements. Whether you're at concept stage, prototyping, or ready for production, we'll provide honest feedback on the best approach for your specific situation.

‍